Sunday, May 24, 2020

Essay on The Gaia Hypothesis - 1960 Words

The Gaia Hypothesis The Gaia Hypothesis is a hypothesis that was developed by James Lovelock and Lynn Margulis in the late 1970s. James Lovelock is a British scientist, an atmospheric chemist, and also an inventor with an education in human physiology. Lynn Margulis was a microbiologist during the 1970s at Boston University. She also originated the theory of the eukaryotic cell arising as a result of endosymbiotic cell capture. This theory is the one that gave her the credibility to advance the Gaia Hypothesis. Since every hypothesis takes the form of an if/then statement, the Gaia Hypothesis namely is an if/then statement. Summarized the Gaia Hypothesis is If life regulates the physical and chemical environment of the†¦show more content†¦This specific metaphor was originated by Lewis Thomas, a medical doctor. (Oceans, p.2). James W. Kirchner, a scientist, believes that this hypothesis can be compared to the writing of Shakespeare. Shakespeare stated that, All the worlds a stage, an d the Gaia Hypothesis states that, All the world is a living organism. (Oceans, p.2). Kirchner believes that metaphors inspire fruitful speculation, but that metaphors themselves are untestable. Lovelock has a separate metaphor for Gaia. Lovelock states that he sees Gaia as being like a tree. A tree that quietly exists, never moving except to sway in the wind, yet endlessly conversing with the sunlight and the soil. Using sunlight and water and nutrient minerals to grow and change. (Charlton, p.2). Another metaphor for Gaia is that it has been seen to be like a California Redwood. The redwoods tissue is 97% dead. The trunk has a thin layer of living organisms spread across its surface, and this is similar to the earths lithosphere. The bark is seen to be like the Earths atmosphere. The atmosphere is the protective coating on the Earth. The atmosphere protects the Earth like the bark protects the tree. The bark, like the atmosphere, allows the transfer of important gas ses, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide. While much of the Earth may be considered non-living, the fact that all of these non-living parts are involved to some extent in livingShow MoreRelatedThe Gaia Hypothesis Essay1295 Words   |  6 PagesThe Gaia Hypothesis In the early 1960s, James Lovelock was invited by NASA to participate in the scientific research for evidence of life on Mars. His job was to design instruments, capable of detecting the presence of life, which could be sent on a spacecraft to Mars. This led him to think about what constitutes life, and how it can be detected. He decided that the most general characteristic of life was that it takes in energy and matter and discards waste productsRead More Gaia: Argument over a single word Essay2082 Words   |  9 PagesGaia: Argument over a single word THESIS: Life on earth has been considered by some as a purposeful interaction tending toward ecological stability. However, when the scientific community led by James Lovelock tried to match this concept with science, it was (and continues to be) a dilemma. Introduction Whenever one hears the word Gaia, he or she will also hear life, goddess, purpose, ecology, and undoubtedly controversy. Not many topics have provoked more controversy among the scientificRead MoreEssay on The Vanishing Face of Gaia3403 Words   |  14 PagesReference: Lovelock, James, The Vanishing Face of Gaia A Final Warning, Allen Lane an imprint of Penguin Books, London, England.2009, 178 pages. Basic Information: Title: The Vanishing Face of Gaia A Final Warning   Author: James Lovelock   Year of publication: London, England in 2009   Publisher: Penguin Books LTD   Number of pages: 178 pages About the author: James Lovelock was born on July 26, 1919 in Letchworth Garden City in the United KingdomRead More Global Warming: A Theory of Accelerating Process of Climate Change2015 Words   |  9 Pageswarming explaining the phenomena of accelerating change in the number and size of weather-related disturbances. This is a synthesis of three books: Al Gores an inconvenient truth, Stuart Kauffmans At Home in the Universe, and Dr. James Lovelocks Gaia: A new look at life on Earth, presenting a theory predicting the general parameters of global warming over the coming years. 1. Introduction. This paper is intended as a starting point for creating a framework within which to discuss andRead MoreClimate Change And The Global Economy1316 Words   |  6 Pageselsewhere. The resilience strategy is to live with not against the natural systems, and to understand the fluctuations of the natural world(Timmerman, n.d). As the Gaia hypothesis suggest, the Earth is a maternal, and self regulating platform, in which organisms function( Timmerman, 2009). In contrast, the Medea hypothesis articulates that the Earth is not as fond of life as Gaiist believe, and that our history is a collection of extinctions and massive ecological disasters on a planetaryRead MoreThe Lively Earth: Important Features Make the Earth Unique2753 Words   |  12 Pagesincoming from the sun. This reduction of solar radiation lowers down the atmospheric temperature dramatically which allows organisms to survive. The Earth would not be so unique among the solar system when missing either one of the systems. The Gaia hypothesis links this concept and indicates the Earth is a giant self-regulating system. The interactions of the organisms with their abiotic environments modified the condition of the Earth such as oxygen content and atmospheric temperature, making theRead MoreEnvironmental Science Worksheet Essay990 Words   |  4 Pages 2011, Ch. 4). 4. How do principles of system theory apply to the Earth as a living system? Explain interactions between humans and natural ecosystems. The system theory and especially the Gaia Hypothesis see the Earth as a living system. According to this hypothesis, life changes the environment for the continuation of life. Hence the conclusion is the Earth can achieve physiological self†regulation. The principles of the system theory can be summed as follows: systems respondRead MoreSecular and Religious Approaches to Environment Issues1949 Words   |  8 Pagesthing to do. However, he does not back this up with his reason. The last of the secular approaches that I am going to use is James Lovelocks’ Gaia Hypothesis. He believed in eco-holism – all ecosystems and living things are interdependent. The Gaia hypothesis challenges the view that humans are the most important species. He looked at the world through Gaia – Earth from space. What he saw was a self-regulating system – almost like a living being. He believes that the earth is unified, holistic livingRead More The Environmental Importance of Office Paper Recycling933 Words   |  4 Pagesgases in the atmosphere. The result is that more heat is trapped in the system, increasing the global temperature by 1 ° C (about 1.8 ° F). Because the earth is a closed system, these issues are of major concern to environmentalists. As the â€Å"Gaia Hypothesis† states it, we are sustained by a single living system, meaning that we rely on it for our survival, in which all the parts are interconnected and everything we do affects it globally. For instance, as more heat is trapped in the atmosphere,Read MoreRawls Justice Is Fairness1030 Words   |  5 Pagessecond principle gives a reason for this, in that an inequality is permitted if the authorizing society will make this inequality available to everyone. Also the inequalities will be to the benefit of everyone in their social class. To dare this hypothesis Rawls put reasonable people in the scenario he envisioned. When one does this and only after one does this will one truly understand how strong or weak their scenario actually is. A scenario is weakened with every event of a principle failing and

Wednesday, May 13, 2020

Essay on Challenging Gender Roles in English Society

Challenging Gender Roles in English Society The age of Shakespeare was characterized by an overwhelming tendency for women to be looked down upon as the inferior gender. Women of the time were expected to be submissive, dutiful, obedient, and predominantly silent. The idea of an independent, out-spoken woman would have challenged all of the societal values of the time. Shakespeare, however, challenged the traditional patriarchal values of his time by introducing powerful and highly influential female characters in some of his most memorable plays. Lady Macbeth and her earlier counterpart, Volumnia, both serve pivotal roles as dominant and commanding mother figures and also challenge the traditional role of the dutiful wife. Both†¦show more content†¦16-18). Lady Macbeth recognizes that her husband’s impressionable nature leaves him vulnerable. His inability to withstand the pressures of his conscience presents Lady Macbeth with the difficult and irritating task of convincing him to perform the actions which could provide him with lasting success. In her own mind, there is no question as to the necessity of carrying out such actions; the only difficulty lies in emboldening her hesitant spouse. Her own husband recognizes her overwhelming intensity as being more attributable to males saying, â€Å"Bring forth men-children only! / For thy undaunted mettle should compose / Nothing but males† (Macbeth 1.7. 73-75). In this instance, Macbeth is facing the realization of his wife’s strength as well as his own weakness. Lady Macbeth is effectively challenging his manhood by employing traditional male attributes better than he. Macbeth realizes that his wife’s nature is undesirable in terms of societal expectations for a female. The traits which his rambunctious wife possesses are, in reality, suitable only for males. As William Hazlitt suggests, â€Å"†¦obdurate strength of will and masculine firmness give her the ascendancy over her husband’s faltering virtue† (Hazlitt 14). Whereas Macbeth appears to be the more impressionable character who is easily swayed, Lady Macbeth is portrayed with the traits of a more traditional male character. She recognizes her own strength and power over herShow MoreRelatedReview of the Article Sex Stereotyping Managerial Positions859 Words   |  3 Pages Article review: Global leadership Exercising leadership can be challenging even in a uni-cultural context. Leadership needs vary from situation to situation, and organizational culture to organizational culture. This becomes even more sharply manifest in multicultural arenas. The 2012 article Sex stereotyping managerial positions from Gender in Management discusses a common leadership challenge--the difficulty of female managers to exert their authority differs in an American versus an EgyptianRead MoreGender, Racial, Violence, And Other Forms Of Discrimination1438 Words   |  6 PagesEric Vasquez Mrs. Fishman English 11CP 8 May 2015 English Multigenre Charlotte Bunch once said â€Å"Sexual, racial, gender, violence, and other forms of discrimination and violence in a culture cannot be eliminated without changing culture.† Our society experiences all of these problems and I would like to focus on the gender perspective in the 21st century and how women have had more of an influence in music than people actually realize. Men have dominated the music industry and business but womenRead MoreMale Daughters Femals Husbands Essay1338 Words   |  6 Pagesbecause I have always been curious about the role of women in non western countries and why they were viewed as being subservient to men by their own as well as the western world. Ifi Amadiume, a Nigerian sociologist with a London University doctorate, conducted research in her own family area to study gender and sex in an African Society. Challenging the received orthodoxies of social anthropology, Ifi Amadiume argues that in precolonial society, sex and gender did not necess arily coincide. In the bookRead MoreThe Pygmalion, By George Bernard Shaw And The Film Pretty Woman1629 Words   |  7 Pages Year 11 English Extension 1 Task Critical Essay: Appropriation of a Key Text HOW HAVE THE TEXTS YOU HAVE STUDIED EXPLORED SOCIAL VALUES? Isabel Xu (Giuffrida) â€Æ' As appropriations of the Pygmalion myth, the play Pygmalion (1913) written by George Bernard Shaw and the film Pretty Woman (1990) directed by Garry Marshall utilise different text form as a medium to deliver criticism and commentary on the traditionally defined gender roles and the basis of making class distinctions in their respectiveRead MoreHow Mentoring Is Beneficial For The Workplace As Well As A Fulfilling Love For One s Career809 Words   |  4 PagesMentors and protà ©gà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s work on challenging tasks and activities together, in an effort to enhance the skills of the protà ©gà ©. The earlier a protà ©gà © is taken under the wing of a mentor proves extremely beneficial. As we have learned white males are the majority opposed to women, ethnic women, and minorities. The means that the chances of the mentor being a white male is extremely high, whereas the protà ©gà ©s are likely to be any form of minority. It is often challenging to minorities (especially women)Read MoreThe Oriental And Gender Stereotype1230 Words   |  5 Pagesindy Coronado March 2, 15 HILD 7B A10923676 TA: Josh Newton 1:00-1:50 The Oriental and Gender Stereotype M.Butterfly, an opera by David Huang, is recognized as a reexamination of John Luther Long’s Madame Butterfly. During the beginning of the 20th century, Asian and Asian Americans were often perceived to a collective stereotype. Well-defined differences between the American Westerner and the Oriental are undermined in both of these readings as â€Å"the west† is seen as the more masculine region andRead More Glorifying the Tudor Dynasty: Shakespeares Richard III and the Perfect Villain 998 Words   |  4 Pagespatronizing of theatre, which lead it to gain popularity among England. The sixteenth and early seventeenth century witnessed a period of English nationalism, evidently shown through diffused texts in the English language, rather than in Latin. Additionally, the Queen supported playwrights such as William Shakespeare, which lead to depictions of Elizabethan society in his plays. Consequently, influences from London and the royal family influenced plays such as Ric hard III. Specifically, the play affectedRead MoreElizabeth : The Forgotten Years Essay1577 Words   |  7 Pagesreformation all while challenging the patriarchal nature of English society. The book reveals the challenges Elizabeth faced as a female monarch such as overcoming traditional gender roles, immense pressure to marry, preoccupation with her gender rather than her rank, presumed military inadequacy of women, and establishing herself as a ruler in a country mastered by men. Due to early-modern English society’s highly patriarchal nature in terms of attitudes, structure and laws, Elizabeth’s role as a monarchRead MoreWomen s Movement : Escape As A Post Feminism940 Words   |  4 PagesEscape as Transgression in North American Feminist Fiction,† Heidi Macpherson explores the grounds behind female escape in feminist theory and argues that there is no clear escape from society. Although there are multiple means of escaping, one cannot fully escape from society and one is usually forced back into society. With this idea in mind, she critically explores the limitless and boundless abilities of female escape works in North America by providing her readers with a sense of how feminism,Read MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Women1002 Words   |  5 Pages Feminist to the Highest Degree John Stuart Mill (1806 - 1873) was an English philosopher, political economist, and most surprising to me, a feminist. He believed that the common notion that women are inferior to men â€Å"ought to be replaced by a principle of perfect equality, admitting no power or privilege on the one side, nor disability on the other.† This principle is definitely something I can stand behind, and I have to say I was overjoyed to read Mill’s The Subjection of Women. While discussing

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Indian Society and Social Systems in India Free Essays

Indian society is multifaceted to an extent perhaps unknown in any other of the world’s great civilizations. Virtually no generalization made about Indian society is valid for all of the nation’s multifarious groups. Comprehending the complexities of Indian social structure has challenged scholars and other observers over many decades. We will write a custom essay sample on Indian Society and Social Systems in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now The ethnic and linguistic diversity of Indian civilization is more like the diversity of an area as variable as Europe than like that of any other single nation-state. Living within the embrace of the Indian nation are vast numbers of different regional, social, and economic groups, each with different cultural practices. Particularly noteworthy are differences between social structures in the north and the south, especially in the realm of kinship systems. Throughout the country, religious differences can be significant, especially between the Hindu majority and the large Muslim minority; and other Indian groups–Buddhists, Christians, Jains, Jews, Parsis, Sikhs, and practitioners of tribal religions–all pride themselves on being unlike members of other faiths. Access to wealth and power varies considerably, and vast differences in socioeconomic status are evident everywhere. The poor and the wealthy live side by side in urban and rural areas. It is common in city life to see a prosperous, well-fed man or woman chauffeured in a fine car pass gaunt street dwellers huddled beneath burlap shelters along the roadway. In many villages, solid cement houses of landowners rise not far from the flimsy thatched shacks of landless laborers. Even when not so obvious, distinctions of class are found in almost every settlement in India. Urban-rural differences can be immense in the Indian Society. Nearly 74 percent of India’s population dwells in villages, with agriculture providing support for most of these rural residents. In villages, mud-plastered walls ornamented with traditional designs, dusty lanes, herds of grazing cattle, and the songs of birds at sunset provide typical settings for the social lives of most Indians. In India’s great cities, however, millions of people live amidst cacophony–roaring vehicles, surging crowds, jammed apartment buildings, busy commercial establishments, loudspeakers blaring movie tunes–while breathing the poisons of industrial and automotive pollution. Gender distinctions are pronounced. The behavior expected of men and women can be quite different, especially in villages, but also in urban centers. Prescribed ideal gender roles help shape the actions of both sexes as they move between family and the world outside the home. Crosscutting and pervading all of these differences of region, language, wealth, status, religion, urbanity, and gender is the special feature of Indian society that has received most attention from observers: caste. The people of India belong to thousands of castes and castelike groups–hierarchically ordered, named groups into which members are born. Caste members are expected to marry within the group and follow caste rules pertaining to diet, avoidance of ritual pollution, and many other aspects of life. Given the vast diversity of Indian society, any observation must be tempered with the understanding that it cannot apply to all Indians. Still, certain themes or underlying principles of life are widely accepted in India. How to cite Indian Society and Social Systems in India, Essay examples

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

How To Structure An Essay On An Inspector Calls Example For Students

How To Structure An Essay On An Inspector Calls The role of Eva Smith in Inspector Calls is crucial to the development of the themes of the play. These themes are lies, love, pride, status, responsibility and Eva is crucial to the development of all these themes. She is never seen in this play but the whole play is set around her and she is the main character in all the acts. Eva represents the lower class and tries to bring about awareness to all class that watch the play. This play also deals with many issues which were very relevant then and some of them are still relevant today. This is why the play is still watched and loved today. We will write a custom essay on How To Structure An On An Inspector Calls specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The first of the Birlings Eva Smith came across was the arrogant capitalist Mr Birling who was her boss while she worked at his penny-pinching factory, in sub-standard conditions. She would have worked on machines most of the day. The conditions were some of the most dangerous around at the time. There were very strict rules which every person had to keep by. If they didnt keep by these stringent rules then they would be fined and the money would have came out of their modest wages. They could get fined for things that today would be considered petty. Some of these things where leaving there work area dirty laughing and talking, so as you can see it was very strict. This also shows how heart less the employers where and all they were bothered about was making money they didnt care about the people that worked for them one little bit. This then all got to Eva Smith and her working colleagues especially the low wages and the poor working conditions. They then decide that something had to be done about it and the best way to prove their point was to call a strike. Their demand from this strike was a increase in their wages from 22/-6d to 25/-. This was helped by trade unions that brought about awareness about working conditions. Previously Eva had been getting on with her job very well it was only after she came back from her holiday she wanted better rates. Eva had actually been recommend for promotion, and her relationship with Mr Birling had been fine before this point but after that everything went down hill for her at Birlings This strike went on for a couple of weeks but not having any money started hitting the girls, but still the greedy Mr Birling who feels that every penny in his pocket counts didnt move on the girls demands one little bit. Mr Birling said they where getting paid neither more nor less than is paid generally in our industry. Slowly some of the went back but Eva and many of her friends stayed and kept protesting. Mr Birling still kept strong and it paid off because the following week most of the girls went back to work keeping their usual rates. But for Eva and a couple of her work friends who had been the ringleaders of the strike they where given the sack. At the end of the day the strike on the whole for the complete work force was rather pointless as they lost a lot of money and for some of them they got the sack. But for Eva this worked out to her convenience, as we know. The strike and the way Mr Birling handles it just shows what type of character he is. His main and only concern throughout the strike is money and this just shows how hard-hearted he is. But Mr Birlings reaction and the way he treated the women was just the same as any businessman in those days. Women didnt have a high place in society and so that in turn meant that they where always given the minuimin and treated with less respect than a man would. Mrs Birling sums up the role of woman perfectly when you are married you will realise that men with important work to do sometimes have to spend nearly all their time and energy on their business. You will have to get used to that. Eva Smith and her friends tried to challenge this unwritten society rule, as we know they were unsuccessful. .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6 , .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6 .postImageUrl , .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6 , .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6:hover , .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6:visited , .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6:active { border:0!important; } .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6:active , .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6 .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Thief and the Dogs EssayThe main way in which Mr Birling defends himself he is by saying that you all earn the same we where paying the usual rates, and get treated the same as any other person in any other company. But as we know this was unfair because women were given less respect in those days. I think the girls got what they always where going to get and that was no change. I dont think this is fair but that was the way it was in those days and the way it was going to be for a while afterwards. Mr Birling also tries to defend himself by saying that if he had given the girls the money then it would have set a precedent for other workers in other companies to do the same. So he was doing company bosses a big favour. After working in Birlings and getting the sack Eva moved on to Milwords, a well respected shop. Getting this job was a wonderful struck of luck, and was a change for her which she enjoyed. In this job she wasnt stuck to a chair all day working in dangerous conditions she had freedom to move and this is what she enjoyed. But one of the problems surrounding the job was there was no trade union and this was really going to affect her later on. One of the biggest differences in the job was that she was out on the shop front speaking to customers. This put pressure on her because she always had to be careful of what she said and did because the customer is always right, one little slip up could cost her and that is exactly what happened to Eva. The very naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve Sheila played a big role in the dismissal of Eva. She complained to the manager of Milwords as she had caught Eva laughing at her while she was trying an item of clothing on the in the shop. Eva was later dismissed from her job after Sheila had complained to the manager. This dismissal was the last one she was to have before she died and the job at Milwords was her last steady job. This sacking left Eva very down hearted. She never thought she had done anything wrong and was even more down hearted by the fact that she enjoyed the job. If she had a trade union then she could had argued the case of an unfair dismissal but she didnt, as shop workers didnt have trade unions while she was working there. If something like that happen at Birlings then she could have challenged for an unfair dismissal as you had a trade union at factories.